TNF and colitis: Regarding black rice anthocyanins, one study 298 demonstrates that dietary black rice anthocyanin-rich extracts and rosmarinic acid could alleviate the symptoms and inflammation of DSS-induced colitis in mice by modulating MPO, NO, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS and COX-2 levels, exerting more notable effects when used in combination.