Furthermore, it inhibits inflammatory cascades by suppressing the COX enzyme and prostaglandin E-2 (PGE2), also influencing various molecular signaling pathways related to inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress, like PPARγ, PI3K, TLR-4, Akt, mTOR, ERK5, AP-1, TGF-β, PAK1, Wnt, β-catenin, Shh, Rac1, p38MAPK, EBPα, NLRP3 inflammasome, Nrf2, Notch-1, AMPK, STAT3, and MyD-88, crucial in IBD development 504. Here, TGFB1 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.