IFNG and inflammatory bowel disease: Esculetin, administered at 5 mg/kg in a rat model of TNBS-induced IBD, demonstrated potent intestinal anti-inflammatory effects, preventing an increase in MDA levels, countering GSH depletion, reducing epithelial cell apoptosis, and inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ) in vitro.