CD274 and atherosclerosis: Since 2016, studies have reported cardiotoxicity due to ICI therapy (25, 26), PD-1/PD-L1 blockers provide a robust link to atherosclerosis, and lack of PD-1/PD-L1 exacerbates atherosclerotic patch formation by mechanisms that may be influenced through vascular inflammation, as well as T-cell activation and effector function (6, 11).