In the bidirectional MR analysis shown in Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Figure 2, the results show that there was no significant causal relationship between any of the threeCOVID-19 exposures (SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalized COVID-19, and severe COVID-19), and MS patients were treated with IFNβ (Supplementary Tables 6-8). Here, IFNB1 is linked to COVID-19.