ENPP2 and autoimmune disease: Most lipid mediator concentrations were reduced in MS. Exceptions were the ceramide LacCerC24:1 and the sphingolipid C16Sphinganin, found at higher concentrations in MSCer16 and Cer24 might amplify cytokine-induced cell death of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes. HETE15S was shown to be regulated in CSF of MS patients. Enhanced activity of autotaxin was observed in serum samples of MS patients. PEA and OEA have been found in RRMS and SPMS. Neopterin is an activation marker of the innate immune system with increased levels in autoimmune diseases including the CSF of MS patients