These effects included an increase in serum insulin levels, an improvement in the HOMA-β index, a reduction in fasting blood glucose levels, as well as decreases in serum low-density lipoprotein triglyceride, total cholesterol, and fibroblast growth factor 21 levels, implying sulforaphane may alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and facilitate the repair of pancreatic tissue (Tian et al. 2021). Here, INS is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.