We compared the gene expression profiles of aganglionic segments to those of ganglionic segments in HSCR patients and identified 297 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among 721 genes related to innate immunity, with 211 genes upregulated (e.g., ACTG1, NOD2, LY96, and POLR3H) and 86 genes downregulated (e.g., GBP2, C4BPA, EIF2AK2, and RIPK2; Figure 3A). Here, NOD2 is linked to Hirschsprung disease.