TIA: transient ischemic attack; NOMAS: Northern Manhattan Study; IS: ischemic stroke; ACVS: acute cerebrovascular syndrome; ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HPA: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; PCT: procalcitonin; MRproANP: midregional proatrial natriuretic peptide; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NfL: neurofilament light chain; ICAM3: intercellular adhesion molecule 3. Here, NEFL is linked to ischemic stroke.