TNF and COVID-19: Additionally, the dysregulated hyperinflammation triggered by COVID-19 involves the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β, which contribute to neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal damage and impaired cognitive function (Normandin et al., 2021; Pilotto et al., 2021; Bonetto et al., 2022; Fernández-Castañeda et al., 2022; Soung et al., 2022).