Exploration and subsequent identification of distinct HIV-related diabetes phenotypes, if they exist, is therefore critical to informing optimal therapeutic approaches and preventive strategies among SSA`s 26 million PWH.52 Future work in South Africa should combine imaging-based assessment of adipose tissue depots and ectopic sites; detailed assessments of glycemic and insulin indices using, for example, 2 hour multiple-sampled oral glucose oral testing; together with adipose tissue sampling and molecular characterization. This evidence concerns the gene INS and diabetes mellitus.