Functional annotation analysis revealed the GBC‐specific SEs were annotated to multiple well‐known gallbladder malignancy signatures, such as EGF/EGFR (EGFR, ERBB2), Wnt (MYC, TCF7L2), Notch (HES1), TGF‐β (SMAD3) and hypoxia (HIF1A, MALAT1) pathways,[8, 27, 28, 29, 30] whereas the CC‐specific SEs were associated normal development and function of gallbladder (ONECUT1, SOX17, MUC5B)[31] (Figure 1D,E). Here, SMAD3 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.