In contrast, PD-PDX kinases with potential to be restored by the addition of MSCs include ACVR1C (ALK7), MAP3K14 and ROR1, which may be inhibitors of tumour growth (Li et al., 2023; Allen et al., 2017; Michael et al., 2019), and JAK1, involved in the STAT3 signalling pathway characteristic of the inflammatory molecular subclass of CCA (Sia et al., 2013). The gene discussed is ACVR1C; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.