In contrast, PD-PDX kinases with potential to be restored by the addition of MSCs include ACVR1C (ALK7), MAP3K14 and ROR1, which may be inhibitors of tumour growth (Li et al., 2023; Allen et al., 2017; Michael et al., 2019), and JAK1, involved in the STAT3 signalling pathway characteristic of the inflammatory molecular subclass of CCA (Sia et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and cholangiocarcinoma.