AKT1 and neoplasm: Studies have revealed that MUC1-C can promote cisplatin resistance in BCa cells through two pathways: by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway to promotes the expression of ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1(ABCB1), leading to the efflux of cisplatin from tumor cells, and by stabilizing x-cystine/glutamate transporter (xCT) protein expression, increasing intracellular levels of glutathione, resulting in reduced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [117].