[97, 98] conducted a phase I/II clinical trial in 30 patients with metastatic RCC to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and immunological and clinical response of an mRNA vaccine (containing MUC1, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), Her2/neu, telomerase, survivin, and MAGE-A1) using adjuvant granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The gene discussed is MUC1; the disease is renal cell carcinoma.