In a phase I trial of antigen-specific gene therapy for MUC1-positive advanced PCa patients using a recombinant vaccine virus encoding MUC1 and IL-2 (VV/MUC-1/IL-2), the results showed that VV/MUC-1/IL-2 enhanced the upregulation of IL-2 (CD25) and T-cell receptor (TcR), increased the CD4/CD8 ratio, enhanced T helper 1 type (TH1) cytokines (INF-γ and TNF-α) mRNA expression and induced NK cells activity and MUC1-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) [157]. The gene discussed is MUC1; the disease is posterior cortical atrophy.