ALB and coronary atherosclerosis measurement: There were 11 significant positive associations with DR, namely: HBA1C (Glycated hemoglobin A1c), NEPHROPATHY (Nephropathy), BP_HIGH(Systolic blood pressure), CEREBRAL_APOPLEXTY(Carotid artery stenosis), CHD (Coronary heart disease), ENDOCRINE_DISEASE(Endocrine disease), GLU_2H(2-h postprandial blood glucose), BU (Blood urea) and ALB_CR(Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio) were consistent with the existing studies22–29.