TNF and digestive system infectious disorder: According to research conducted in a mouse model of intestinal infection, the continuous L. casei administration, before and after Salmonella challenge, protected the host by modulating the inflammatory response, decreasing TNFα.27 Moreover, in a mouse model of small bowel damage induced by fluorouracil, L. casei reduced 5-FU-induced inflammation in the colon and small intestine decreasing TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6.28 These mouse models and our data suggest that there is a direct effect of L. casei on inflammation in the J-pouch.