TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Moreover, the overexpression of TNF-α (Figures 5(b) and 5(b′)), MAPK (Figures 5(c) and 5(c′)), and AKT (Figures 5(d) and 5(d′)) was demonstrated in the VAT of patients with obesity compared to patients without obesity through IHC.