MAPK1 and atopic eczema: At the same time, studies have also explored the effects of SIO on atopic dermatitis, indicating that SIO has inhibitory effects on the protein expression and phosphorylation levels of P38, ERK, NF-κB, and IκBα in their respective signaling pathways, and inhibits the activation of P38, NF-κB, ERK, and IκBα signaling pathways in atopic dermatitis mice (Zhang et al., 2024).