BMP2 and heart valve disorder: BMP2 is essential forregulating the EMT of endocardial cells during heart valve formation—a crucialprocess for proper valvular function and implicated in valvular heart diseases.Research indicates that BMP2, in conjunction with TGFβ2, activates bothSMAD-dependent pathways and the Par6/Smurf1 (Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1) pathway to facilitate thistransformation [50].