Notably, coronary arteries from PLWH had higher expression of several proteins, including STING, CD163, VISTA, and CTLA-4, which are important in immune activation, inflammation, and apoptosis.25,41–43 These findings suggest that immune-related proteins may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in PLWH. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and atherosclerosis.