CCL4 and neoplasm: In this inflammatory microenvironment, many inflammatory cytokines, such as CCL3, CCL4, CCL20, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, are expressed and operate through diverse cellular signaling pathways, playing important roles in inflammatory cell recruitment and activation, malignant transformation of tissue cells, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor cell immune evasion, as well as invasion and metastasis (13, 19, 30–40) (Figure 1).