CCL4 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: reported that in EBV-associated NPC, increased expression of EBV latent membrane protein (LMP)-1 can cause continuous activation of the NF-κB and JNK signaling pathways, thereby inducing the upregulation of CCL3 and CCL4 expression in tumor cells, leading to increased T-cell infiltration and a poor prognosis in NPC patients (52).