TNF and systemic sclerosis: Immune cells secrete various fibrotic factors, including IL-4, IL-13 (Gasparini et al., 2020), IL-17 (Wei et al., 2022), IL-11 (Steadman and O'Reilly, 2023), IL-6 (Lin et al., 2022), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Kosałka-Węgiel et al., 2024), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (Lomelí-Nieto et al., 2023), and these factors are significantly elevated in the serum of patients with SSc (Zarrabi et al., 2021; Kosałka-Węgiel et al., 2024).