Several studies using ENO1-targeting DNA vaccines in mouse models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma have shown prophylactic and therapeutic potential by inducing complement-dependent cytotoxicity, enhancing CD4 anti-tumour activity and immune cell response.44,45 A recent study showed that an ENO1-targeting antibody targets multiple TME niches involved in prostate cancer progression and bone metastasis via a plasmin-related mechanism reinforcing the potential use of ENO1 targeted therapies in combination to immunotherapies.46 The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.