Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an immune inflammatory disease caused by the selective destruction of insulin-producing islet cells (β cells) by autoreactive T cells (Thompson et al., 2023).Through a comparative analysis of the fecal fungal composition between T1D patients and healthy controls, utilizing Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequencing, it was discovered that the abundance of Saccharomyces was significantly lower in the T1D group compared to the control group, while the abundances of Candida, Cryptococcus, Udeniomyces, and Xylodon increased in T1D patients (Salamon et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.