In the case of advanced lesions, pro‐inflammatory cytokines like L‐1beta, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐8 and TNF‐alpha were elevated in high‐grade dysplasia/pancreatic cancer compared to low‐grade/moderate dysplasia group,33, 34 suggesting that immune response patterns may change across the natural history of disease. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and dysplasia.