Additionally, 4-OI inhibits aerobic glycolysis by targeting glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to promote cuproptosis and exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects through activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which promotes CRC cell death [145]. Here, GAPDH is linked to colorectal carcinoma.