PTEN and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Astragalus is a promising natural medicinal product, and one of its main bioactive components, Astragaloside IV (ASV), has been shown to induce autophagy in IPF models by inhibiting the expression of miR-21, thereby repressing the activation of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (Li T. et al., 2024).