SMAD3 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: However, in the BLM-induced IPF mouse model, bioinformatics prediction and dual luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that miR-9 inhibited the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway by targeting anoctamin-1 (ANO-1), thereby exacerbating the inflammatory response in IPF, promoting the proliferation of pulmonary fibroblasts and inhibiting their apoptosis ability (Dai et al., 2019).