However, in the BLM-induced IPF mouse model, bioinformatics prediction and dual luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that miR-9 inhibited the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway by targeting anoctamin-1 (ANO-1), thereby exacerbating the inflammatory response in IPF, promoting the proliferation of pulmonary fibroblasts and inhibiting their apoptosis ability (Dai et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.