Remarkably, CTS dose-dependently suppressed TNF-α-induced protein expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and MMPs (MMP2, 3, and 9), which play critical roles in AAA formation and are mainly responsible for elastin breakdown, in both RAVSMCs (Figure 2A) and MAVSMCs (Figure S2E). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and triple-A syndrome.