HK1 and cancer: Epigenetic modifications of HIF-1 α and glycolytic enzymes 151, SNHG3152, migration stimulating factor 153, hyperglycaemia 154, estradiol-17 β155 and lysophosphatidic acid156 have been shown to significantly redirect glucose metabolism in CAFs, resulting in an enhanced production of lactate and pyruvate, which not only reflects a shift toward anaerobic glycolysis but also provides essential substrates for the biosynthetic pathways that support the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.