RV infection only induced mucosal IL-1β (p = 0.041) production during the manifestation stage, and increased most of mucosal inflammatory cytokines, such as mucosal TNF-α (p = 0.045), IL-10 (p = 0.026), IL-1β (p = 0.036), and TGFβ (p = 0.019) until 6 days post infection, whose pattern was different from RV-induced systemic inflammation (Figures 2E,F). Here, TNF is linked to infection.