Vitamin E also improves lipid metabolism in mice with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through the Nrf2/CES1 signaling pathway (59) and improves liver function, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in rats with NAFLD induced by a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFD) (59, 60). This evidence concerns the gene CES1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.