Furthermore, in kidney biopsy tissues from patients with SLE, differential expression of IFN-α2 and IFN-β transcripts was observed in patients with proliferative forms of lupus nephritis (class III/IV) compared with patients with membranous nephritis and control kidneys, suggesting differential effects of IFN-I subtypes in modulating the immunopathogenesis of different patterns of lupus nephritis (83). Here, IFNB1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.