In addition to its well-documented effects on APCs, tumor-derivedTGF-β can also directly inhibit T cell differentiation and function.49,50 Furthermore, the TDLN sees preferential differentiation of tumorantigen-specific CD4+ T cells into Tregs over effectorT cells, even at early stages of tumor growth.51 Perhaps most notoriously, tumor presence is associatedwith increased expression of immune checkpoints in the TDLN. The gene discussed is PPIB; the disease is neoplasm.