In the Cox proportional hazards model (Fig. 1), the SERPINA1 SNPs association was the most strongly factor associated with mortality (HR = 6.2, 95 % CI 1.4‒27.1, p = 0.015), followed by bronchiectasis (HR = 5.8, 95 % CI 1.8‒19.1, p = 0.003), diabetes mellitus (HR = 5.3, 95 % CI 1.8‒15.7, p = 0.027), end-stage renal disease (HR = 3.9, 95 % CI 1.2‒12.7, p = 0.028), and ocular involvement (HR = 3.0, 95 % CI 1.1‒8.6, p = 0.004). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA1 and diabetes mellitus.