TNF and Salmonella Infections: During Salmonella infection, these activated macrophages produce several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-1β(Interleukin-1 beta), TNF, and CCL2(C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) in order to clear the pathogen via mechanisms that include cell death, the recruitment of polymorphonuclear phagocytes, and oxidative processes (Brennan and Cookson, 2000; Pham et al., 2020; Depaolo et al., 2005).