(C–E) RT-qPCR analysis of mRNAs encoding inflammatory cytokines (Tnfα, Il1β, and Il6), chemokines (Ccr2, Ccl2, Cxcl1, and Cxcl10) and macrophage biomarkers (Nos2 and Arg1) in BMDMs measured at the indicated times after Salmonella infection (multiplicity of infection [MOI] = 1) (n = 5). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.