TNF and colitis: 2021). In both DSS and TNBS-induced colitis in mice, the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 is significantly decreased after β-sitosterol administration (Lee, Kim, and Kim 2012; Ding et al. 2019). More importantly, it is confirmed in vitro that β-sitosterol can increase the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine, alleviate the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms, and restore the intestinal microbial homeostasis, indicating that β-sitosterol may contribute to the regulation of intestinal microbiota by IN in UC (Ding et al. 2019).