SMAD2 and fibrosis: Besides modulating fibrotic response in many fibrosis‐associated diseases, TGF‐β also functions as a cytokine which drives the EndoMT process.[64] Smad2/3, which are downstream components of the TGF‐β signaling pathway, play a critical role in promoting cardiac fibrosis.[65] The profibrogenic factor, TGF‐β, interacts with its receptor and further promotes the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 to activate the transcription of downstream genes.