Therefore, p38 signaling inhibitors may be beneficial in patients with cancer as they have anti-tumor effects and can promote CEC maturation; however, similar to TGF-β inhibitors, although some p38 MAPK inhibitors have completed phase I and II trials, the results of clinical trials have been unsatisfactory due to high levels of systemic toxicity (254). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.