Key biomarkers, including those related to inflammation (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6), fibrosis (transforming growth factor-beta, collagen degradation products), oxidative stress (F2-isoprostanes, malondialdehyde), and tubular injury (kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), are examined in the context of CKD. Here, LCN2 is linked to chronic kidney disease.