Among the 13palsgenes that are not induced by infection, five (pals-22,pals-25,pals-16,pals-17,pals-20) have been shown to control expression of the 26 inducedpalsgenes as well as other IPR genes, acting in modules that contain positive and negative regulators (Lazetic et al., 2023; Reddy et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene PRPS1 and infection.