Cluster #6 and #9 constitute highly activated, cytokine secreting, proliferating memory Th1-like and Th2-like cells, respectively (Fig. 2b and Supplementary Fig. 6); these clusters, together with cluster #3 (TGF-β+ IL-2+/- TNF+/- highly activated cells) and cluster #1 (hyporesponsive cells) constitute the only four clusters with no differences in gene expression levels between T1D and HD cells. This evidence concerns the gene IL2 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.