Surprisingly, every individual tested showed, to a bigger or lesser extent, responses against GAD, measured as percentage of GAD-specific CD154+ CD69+ cells (GSCs) (Fig. 1D and Supplementary Fig. 2c, d), with no differences between HD and T1D patients (Fig. 1d, and Supplementary Table 2. This evidence concerns the gene GAD1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.