Therefore, we stimulated fresh PBMCs from 11 newly diagnosed T1D patients and 10 HD (Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Data File 1) with whole GAD protein overnight and analysed the frequency and surface phenotype of CD154+ CD69+ GAD-specific CD4+ T cells (Supplementary Fig. 3). The gene discussed is CD40LG; the disease is Huntington disease.