A single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing study found that CAFs up-regulate the overexpression of immune checkpoint molecules (such as PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA4/B7 ) in high-risk PCa cells in TME, thereby inducing CD8 + T cells dysfunction and assisting tumor cells in immune escape (Liu et al. 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and posterior cortical atrophy.