HIF1A and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: The study with the largest sample size investigating immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of HIF-1α and its relationship with survival in ccRCC (n = 308) showed that ccRCC had much higher HIF-1α IHC expression than normal kidney tissue and that this associated with significantly worse survival, arguing against HIF-1α being a tumor suppressor gene in ccRCC [146].