SPX and Insulin resistance: Kolodziejski et al showed that SPX was effective in the regulation of immune response by decreasing TNF-α and IL-6 levels in liver and serum in rats.[9] Metabolic syndrome (MS) induction is associated with increased BMI, increased blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin, uric acid, advanced glycation end products, insulin resistance, IL-6, and TNF-α, along with dyslipidemia, low serum spexin, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) levels.