CD274 and glioblastoma: Interestingly, Cloughesy et al. demonstrated that compared to adjuvant PD-1 blockade, neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade with Pembrolizumab improved OS, enriched interferon-related genes, and increased T cell signatures in patients with recurrent GBM.12 Within the neoadjuvant group, a focal upregulation of PD-L1 induced by a release of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) from infiltrating CTLs suggested the need for an accurate diagnostic determination of PD-L1 to allow more effective patient stratification and monitoring of anti-PD-1 response.