For example, suppressed autophagy has been observed in flutamide-induced neonatal cryptorchid infertile rats, and retinoic acid improved spermatogenesis by activating autophagy via inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway (100). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and cryptorchidism.