In the multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for genotypes (ADORA1 rs10920573, ADORA2B rs2015353, ADORA3 rs10776728, DRD3 rs7625282, and rs6280), gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score, prenatal hormones, NRDS and PDA, the CC genotype of ADORA1 rs10920573 (aOR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.34–9.25) and CT genotype of DRD3 rs6280 (aOR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.53–6.65) were identified as independent risk factors for non-response to caffeine citrate in preterm infants. Here, ADORA3 is linked to Patent ductus arteriosus.