TGFB1 and hypertensive disorder: Secondly, the occurrence and development of hypertension involve abnormalities in various signaling pathways, including the PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway, Notch3 signaling pathway, and NF-κB pathway, MAPK pathway, aortic transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway, AMPK/mTOR pathway, etc. Oxidative stress can affect the aforementioned signaling pathways, leading to hypertension.