MAPK3 and cancer: Of note, research shows xanthohumol not only sensitizes oral squamous cell carcinoma to radiotherapy by inhibiting the Akt-Wee1-CDK1 signaling axis but also induces apoptosis in various cancers, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, and glioma, by suppressing molecular pathways related to EGFR, MDR1, STAT3, HK2, NF-κB, ERK1/2, and DNA topoisomerase 1, thereby achieving anti-tumor effects [32, 82–84].