For example, the overall frequency of insulin-reactive T cells was not different between individuals with and without type 1 diabetes, but insulin peptide responses skewed towards proinflammatory (IFN-ɣ) and away from regulatory (IL-10) cytokine production among cells isolated from donors with type 1 diabetes relative to those present in healthy control donors [33]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus.