INS and chronic kidney disease: When IR occurs, insulin signaling is impaired and glomerular filtration pressure is increased, leading to glomerular hyperfiltration [36], cytoskeletal rearrangement [37], mitochondrial dysfunction [38] and inflammation [35], resulting in renal hemodynamics, disruption of podocyte viability, and accelerated progression of CKD by facilitating glomerular capillary dilation and tubular fibrosis [12, 13] Therefore, early detection of IR is crucial for the prevention of kidney disease.