Given expression of ACE2 receptor on the urothelial cell, it has been hypothesized that direct invasion of COVID-19 into the bladder mucous could cause CAC.[23] Additionally, the finding of elevation of pro-inflammation cytokines, for example IL-6, IL-8, and IP-10, in urine of COVID-19 patients with LUTS and without urinary infection supported another theory that these cytokines secreted in urine could sensitize bladder leading to LUTS.[24]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and COVID-19.